Plane Drawing With No Tail

Decorative painting or design on the fuselage of an shipping

Virgin Atlantic A340-600 G-VGAS nose art

Nose art is a decorative painting or design on the fuselage of an aircraft, usually on the front end fuselage.

While begun for applied reasons of identifying friendly units, the practice evolved to express the individuality frequently constrained by the uniformity of the military, to evoke memories of home and peacetime life, and as a kind of psychological protection against the stresses of war and the probability of death. The appeal, in office, came from nose art non being officially approved, even when the regulations confronting it were not enforced.^{[1] [2]}

Because of its individual and unofficial nature, it is considered folk art, inseparable from work as well as representative of a group.^[1] Information technology can besides be compared to sophisticated graffiti. In both cases, the creative person is often anonymous, and the fine art itself is imperceptible. In addition, it relies on materials immediately available.^[i]

Nose art is largely a war machine tradition, but noncombatant airliners operated past the Virgin Group characteristic "Virgin Girls" on the nose as part of their livery. In a broad sense, the tail art of several airlines such every bit the Eskimo of Alaska Airlines tin can be chosen "nose art", equally are the tail markings of present-day U.S. Navy squadrons. There were exceptions, including the VIII Bomber Control, 301st Bomb Group B-17F "Whizzer", which had its girl-riding-a-bomb on the dorsal fin.^[3]

History [edit]

Placing personalized decorations on fighting aircraft began with Italian and German pilots. The first recorded example was a sea monster painted on an Italian flight gunkhole in 1913.^{[ commendation needed ]} This was followed by the popular practice of painting a mouth beneath the propeller's spinner begun by High german pilots in World War I. What is maybe the nigh famous of all nose art, the shark-face insignia later made famous by the First American Volunteer Grouping (AVG) Flying Tigers, first appeared in World State of war I on a British Sopwith Dolphin and a German Roland C.2, though often with an effect more comical than menacing.^{[iv] [ page needed ]} The cavallino rampante ("prancing horse") of the Italian ace Francesco Baracca was another well-known epitome.

World War I [edit]

World State of war I nose fine art was usually embellished or extravagant squadron insignia. This followed the official policy established by the American Expeditionary Forces' Master of the Air Service, Brigadier Full general Benjamin Foulois, on 6 May 1918, requiring the creation of distinct, readily identifiable squadron insignia.^[five] World War I examples include the "Hat in the Ring" of the American 94th Aero Squadron (attributed to Lt. Johnny Wentworth)^[5] and the "Kicking Mule" of the 95th Aero Squadron. Olfactory organ art of that era was frequently conceived and produced not by the pilots, but rather past ground crews.

• 

  Eddie Rickenbacker with SPAD XIII (note the "Hat in the Ring" 94th Aero Squadron insignia), France, 1918

• 

  Spad Xiii pursuit aircraft of the 95th Aero Squadron with the "Kicking Mule" insignia, France, 1918

World War Ii [edit]

Hell's Angels, the 3rd Squadron of the 1st American Volunteer Group "Flying Tigers", 28 May 1942

Truthful nose art appeared during Earth War Ii, which is considered past many observers^{[ citation needed ]} to be the gilt age of the genre, with both Centrality and Allied pilots taking part. At the height of the war, nose artists were in very high demand in the USAAF and were paid quite well for their services, while AAF commanders tolerated nose art in an effort to boost aircrew morale. The U.Southward. Navy, by dissimilarity, prohibited nose art, the almost extravagant being express to a few but-lettered names, while nose art was uncommon in the Regal Air Force and Royal Canadian Air Force. The work was washed by professional civilian artists likewise as talented amateur servicemen. In 1941, for instance, the 39th Pursuit Squadron commissioned a Bong Aircraft artist to design and paint the "Cobra in the Clouds" logo on their aircraft.^[6]

Perhaps the nearly enduring olfactory organ art of Earth State of war II was the shark-confront motif, which first appeared on the Messerschmitt Bf 110s of Luftwaffe Zerstörergeschwader 76 ("76th Destroyer Wing") over Crete, where the twin-engined Messerschmitts outmatched the Gloster Gladiator biplanes of No. 112 Squadron RAF.^{[ citation needed ]} The Commonwealth pilots were withdrawn to Egypt and refitted with Curtiss Tomahawks (P-40) off the same assembly line building fighter aircraft for the American Volunteer Grouping (AVG) Flying Tigers beingness recruited for service in Prc. In November 1941, AVG pilots saw a color photo in a newspaper of a shark mouth painted on a 112 Squadron P-xl fighter in Due north Africa and immediately adopted the shark-face motif for their own P-40Bs.^[7] The British version itself was inspired past "sharkmouth" nose art (without any eyes) on the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighters of Zerstörergeschwader 76 . This work was done by the pilots and ground crew in the field.^[8] However, the insignia for the "Flight Tigers" – a winged Bengal Tiger jumping through a stylized Five for Victory symbol – was developed by graphic artists from the Walt Disney Company.^[9]

Similarly, when in 1943 the 39th Fighter Squadron became the kickoff American squadron in their theatre with 100 kills, they adopted the shark-face for their Lockheed P-38 Lightnings.^[6] The shark-face up is all the same used to this day, nigh commonly seen on the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II (with its gaping maw leading up to the muzzle of the aircraft'due south GAU-viii Avenger 30mm cannon), especially those of the 23d Fighter Grouping, the AVG's descendent unit, and a attestation to its popularity as a form of nose art.

The "Dragon and His Tail" nose art on a B-24 Liberator, Moffett Field, 2004 – from 2005-on, Witchcraft (s/n 44-44052)

The largest known work of nose fine art e'er depicted on a World War 2-era American combat shipping was on a Consolidated B-24 Liberator, tail number 44-40973, which had been named "The Dragon and his Tail" of the USAAF Fifth Air Force 64th Flop Squadron, 43d Bomb Group, in the Southwest Pacific, flown by a crew led past Joseph Pagoni, with Staff Sergeant Sarkis Bartigian as the artist. The dragon artwork ran from the nose just forward of the cockpit, down the entire length of the fuselage's sides, with the dragon'due south trunk depicted directly below and but aft of the cockpit, with the dragon holding a nude adult female in its forefeet.^{[x] [11]}

Sgt. J.S. Wilson painting a bomber based at Eniwetok in June 1944

Tony Starcer was the resident artist for the 91st Bomb Grouping (Heavy), one of the initial six groups fielded by the Eighth Air Strength. Starcer painted over a hundred pieces of renowned B-17 nose art, including "Memphis Belle".^{[12] [thirteen]} A commercial artist named Brinkman, from Chicago was responsible for the zodiac-themed olfactory organ fine art of the B-24 Liberator-equipped 834th Bomb Squadron, based at RAF Sudbury, England.^[14]

Contemporary inquiry demonstrates that bomber crews, who suffered loftier prey rates during World War 2, often developed strong bonds with the planes they were flying, and affectionately decorated them with nose art.^{[15] [16]} Information technology was too believed by the flying crews that the nose art was bringing luck to the planes.^[17]

The creative piece of work of Alberto Vargas and George Lilliputian's pivot-up girls from Esquire Magazine were frequently duplicated, or adapted, by air force crews and painted on the nose of American and allied shipping during World State of war II.

Some nose fine art was commemorative or intended to award certain people, such as the Boeing B-29 Superfortress "The Ernie Pyle".^[18]

Mail Earth State of war 2 [edit]

Boeing KC-135E Stratotanker, based with Sioux City Air National Baby-sit, 2007.

In the Korean War, nose fine art was popular with units operating A-26 Invader and B-29 bombers, C-119 Flight Boxcar transports, as well equally USAF fighter-bombers.^[19] Due to changes in military policies and irresolute attitudes toward the representation of women, the amount of nose art declined afterward the Korean War.

During the Vietnam War, Lockheed Air-conditioning-130 gunships of the U.S. Air Strength Special Operations Squadrons were frequently given names with accompanying nose fine art – for example, "Thor", "Azrael – Angel of Death", "Ghost Rider", "State of war Lord" and "The Arbitrator."^[xx] The unofficial gunship badge of a flying skeleton with a Minigun was too applied to many aircraft until the end of the war and was later adopted officially.

A-10 Thunderbolt Ii with shark mouth themed nose art, Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan, 2011

Olfactory organ art underwent a revival during the Gulf State of war and has go more common since Operation Indelible Liberty and the Iraq War began. Many crews are merging artwork as part of camouflage patterns. The United States Air Force had unofficially sanctioned the return of the pin-up (admitting fully clothed) with the Strategic Air Command permitting nose art on its bomber force in the Command's last years. The continuation of historic names such every bit "Memphis Belle" was encouraged.

Regional variation [edit]

Source material for American nose art was varied, ranging from pinups such as Rita Hayworth and Betty Grable and cartoon characters such equally Donald Duck, Bugs Bunny, and Popeye to patriotic characters (Yankee Putter) and fictional heroes (Sam Spade). Lucky symbols such equally dice and playing cards also inspired nose fine art, forth with references to mortality such every bit the Grim Reaper.^[1] Cartoons and pinups were almost pop among American artists, merely other works included animals, nicknames, hometowns, and pop song and movie titles. Some nose fine art and slogans expressed contempt of the enemy, especially of their leaders.

The farther the planes and crew were from headquarters or from the public eye, the racier the fine art tended to be.^[1] For instance, nudity was more common in olfactory organ art on shipping in the Pacific than on shipping in Europe.^[21]

Luftwaffe shipping did not frequently display nose art, just at that place were exceptions.^{[22] [ folio needed ]} For example, Mickey Mouse adorned a Condor Legion Messerschmitt Bf 109 during the Spanish Civil War and 1 Ju 87A was decorated with a large pig inside a white circle during the same menstruum. Adolf Galland's Bf-109E-3 of JG 26 also had a depiction of Mickey Mouse, holding a contemporary telephone in his hands, in mid-1941. A Ju 87B-one (Geschwaderkennung of S2+AC) of Stab 2/St. G 77, piloted by Major Alfons Orthofer and based in Breslau-Schöngarten during the invasion of Poland, was painted with a shark'due south rima oris, and some Bf 110s were decorated with furious wolf's heads, stylistic wasps (as with SKG 210 and ZG 1), or as in the example of ZG 76, the shark mouths that inspired both the RAF's 112 Squadron and in turn the Flight Tigers in China, on their noses or engine covers. Another example was Erich Hartmann's Bf-109G-xiv, "Lumpi", with an eagle's head. The fighter wing Jagdgeschwader 54 was known equally the Grünherz (Green Hearts) afterward their fuselage emblem, a large green centre. The Geschwader was originally formed in Thüringen, nicknamed "the green centre of Germany". Perchance the flashiest Luftwaffe nose fine art was the red and white viper snake insignia running through the whole fuselage of certain Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers that served with the II Gruppe, and especially the 6. Staffel of Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 in North Africa entrada, the only known artwork on an Axis-flown gainsay aircraft that could have rivaled the length of that on "The Dragon and his Tail" B-24.

The Soviet Air Forces decorated their planes with historical images, mythical beasts, and patriotic slogans.

The mental attitude of the Finnish Air Force to the olfactory organ art varied by unit. Some units disallowed nose fine art, while others tolerated it. Generally, the Finnish airforce nose art was humorous or satirical, such as the "horned Stalin" on Maj. Maunula's Curtiss P-36 fighter.

The Nihon Air Self-Defense Force has busy fighter aircraft with Valkyrie-themed characters under the names Mystic Hawkeye and Shooting Eagle.^[23]

Beginning in 2011, the Japan Basis Self-Defence force has AH-1S Cobra anti-tank helicopters and Kawasaki OH-1 ascertainment helicopter named Ita-Cobra and Ita-Omega respectively, decorated in the theme of 4 Kisarazu (木更津) sisters (Akane (木更津茜), Aoi (木更津葵), Wakana (木更津若菜), Yuzu (木更津柚子)).^[24] The Aoi-chan first appeared in 2011, followed by the other 3 sisters in 2012.^{[25] [26]}

Canadian Forces were reported having nose fine art on CH-47D Chinook and CH-146 Griffon helicopters in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan.^[27]

Famous examples [edit]

• Pierre Clostermann'due south Hawker Storm Le G Charles featured the Cross of Lorraine.
• Brendan Finucane's Spitfires wore a shamrock with a "B" within information technology. Ireland's top ace in World State of war Ii who too was the youngest wing commander in Royal Air Force history.
• Adolf Galland was famous for painting Mickey Mouse on his aircraft, and the mascot was adopted past his Gruppe during the early airwar phase of World War II.
• Don Gentile's North American P-51 Mustang named "Shangri-La", with an eagle sporting boxing gloves.
• Ian Gleed's Hawker Hurricanes and Supermarine Spitfire featured Figaro the Cat, from the 1940 Disney animated motion picture Pinocchio.
• Erich Hartmann'southward Bf 109s featured a distinctive "blackness tulip" blueprint on the very front of the cowling, immediately behind the spinner.
• Johnny Johnson'due south Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Ix featured the Canadian maple leafage.
• John D. Landers' P-51D, which sported a distinctive black-and-white checkerboard with red trim.
• Ted Westward. Lawson, who (forth with journalist Bob Considine) famously wrote about the 1942 Doolittle Raid in Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo, piloted a North American B-25 Mitchell bomber nicknamed The Ruptured Duck, after a minor training accident in which the aircraft tail scraped the ground during takeoff; this was busy by a extravaganza of an angry Donald Duck figure with crutches and wearing a pilot'southward headphones.
• James MacLachlan, who flew with an bogus arm, had his Hawker Hurricane adorned with a film of his amputated arm giving a V sign
• Werner Mölders flew a yellow-nosed Messerschmitt Bf 109F-2 while with JG 51 during June 1941.
• Chuck Yeager's series of shipping named "Glamorous Glennis", with bright alphabetic character art.

The markings of aces were often adopted by their squadrons, such as Galland's Mickey Mouse and Hartmann's black tulip (still in use until recently on the aircraft of JG 71 "Richthofen" – not known to be in use on the unit of measurement'southward new Eurofighter Typhoons).

Similar art [edit]

Designs similar to aviation olfactory organ art could be plant during Earth War II on some British torpedo boats, and High german and Us submarines.

Bans [edit]

In 1993 the The states Air Strength Air Mobility Command ordered that all nose art should be gender-neutral.^[28]

Come across also [edit]

• Aircraft livery
• Victory mark, a similar practice often applied on the aircraft's nose

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d eastward} "Military Aircraft Olfactory organ Art". Retrieved thirty December 2014.
2. ^ Ethell, Jeffrey Fifty. (1991). The History of Aircraft Nose Art: World State of war I to Today. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International, p. 14.
3. ^ Bowers, Peter G. (1976). Fortress In The Sky, Granada Hills, CA: Lookout Books. ISBN 0-913194-04-ii, p. 219.
4. ^ Ward, Richard. Sharkmouth, 1916–1945. New York: Arco, 1979.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Air Forcefulness Historical Research Agency". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
6. ^ ^{a b} "Military machine Flying, CHOCKIE 39th History". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
7. ^ Rossi, Dick (1980s). "A Flying Tigers Story". The Flying Tigers – American Volunteer Group – Chinese Air Force.
8. ^ Ford, Daniel. Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942. Washington, DC: Harper Collins–Smithsonian Books, 2007, pp. 82–83.
9. ^ Eisel, Braxton. The Flying Tigers: Chennault's American Volunteer Group in China. Washington, DC: Air Strength History and Museums Program, 2009.
10. ^ "From the 64th Squadron Briefing Room". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
11. ^ "From the 64th Squadron Briefing Room". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
12. ^ "Tony Starcer – Nose Artist – 91st BG". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
13. ^ Mark Bowden. "USAAF Nose Art Research Project – Named planes of the USAAF during WWII". Retrieved xxx December 2014.
14. ^ Valant, Gary M. Archetype Vintage Olfactory organ Fine art. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Lowe and B. Hould, 1997, pp. thirteen–15.
15. ^ Pfau, Ann Elizabeth. Miss Yourlovin: GIs, Gender and Domesticity During World War II. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Available at Gutenberg-eastward, a plan of the American Historical Clan and Columbia University Press: [1]
16. ^ Banker, Franklin (June eleven, 1944). "U.Southward. bombers stripped of captivating nudes". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. vii.
17. ^ Polmar, Norman, and Thomas B. Allen. World War Two: The Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945. New York: Random Firm, 1996, p. 595.
18. ^ Superfort "Ernie Pyle", Gift of Plane Airplane Workers, Here En Road to Japan PDF Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
19. ^ Thompson, Warren E. Heavy Hauler. Wings of Fame, The Journal of Classic Combat Aircraft, Volume xx. London: Aerospace Publishing Ltd., 2000, p. 107.
20. ^ Olausson, Lars. Lockheed Hercules Product List – 1954–2011, 27th ed. Såtenäs, Sweden, 2009. (Self-published.)
21. ^ Cohan, Phil. "Risque Business." Air and Infinite, 5 (April.–May 1990), p. 65.
22. ^ Ketley, Barry. Luftwaffe emblems. Manchester: Flight Recorder Publications, 2012.
23. ^ "Noseart – Works". Retrieved 30 Dec 2014.
24. ^ "The Four Sisters of the Fourth Anti-Tank Helicopter Team are Celebrated One Terminal Time!".
25. ^ "The Japanese Military Is Getting Offensively Cute".
26. ^ "Nihon's Armed Forces Testify Their Playful Side: Moé-Way Attack Helicopter Wows Crowds".
27. ^ "Canadian chopper crews revive nose-art tradition in Afghanistan". Asian Defence. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
28. ^ Armed services Airplanes Go New Gender-neutral Look, Steve Fide, Deseret News, July xx, 1993.

Bibliography [edit]

• Bloomfield, Gary 50., Stacie L. Shain, & Arlen C. Davidson. Duty, laurels, adulation : America's entertainers in Earth War II. Guilford, CN: Lyon's Press, 2004. ISBN 1-59228-550-3. (pp. 400–405 hash out pivot-up daughter and nose art.)
• Bredau, Robert (1989). The Meaning of Nose Art: An Anthropological Perspective (Thesis). California State University.
• Campbell, John M. & Campbell, Donna. War paint : fighter nose fine art from WWII & Korea. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1990.
• Chinnery, Philip. 50 years of the desert boneyard : Davis Monthan A.F.B., Arizona. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks, International, 1995.
• Cohan, Phil. "Risque Business." Air and Space 5 (April.–May 1990): 62–71.
• Davis, Larry. Planes, Names and Dames: 1940–1945. Vol. one. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Betoken Publications, 1990.
• Davis, Larry. Planes, Names and Dames: 1946–1960. Vol. 2. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Betoken Publications, 1990.
• Davis, Larry. Planes, Names and Dames: 1955–1975. Vol. three. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1990.
• Dorr, Robert F. Fighting Colors: Glory Days of U.South. Aircraft Markings. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1990.
• Ethell, Jeffrey L. The History of Aircraft Nose Art: Globe War I to Today. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1991.
• Ford, Daniel. Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942. Washington, DC: HarperCollins–Smithsonian Books, 2007. ISBN 0-06-124655-seven.
• Fugere, Jerry. Desert Storm B-52 Nose Art. Tucson, AZ: J. Fugere, 1999.
• Ketley, Barry. Luftwaffe emblems. Manchester: Flight Recorder Publications, 2012.
• Logan, Ian. Swish Chassy. New York: W. Due west. Visual Library, 1977.
• March, Peter R. Desert Warpaint. London: Osprey Aerospace, 1992.
• McDowell, Ernest R. The P-xl Kittyhawk at War. New York: Arco Publishing, 1968.
• O'Leary, Michael D. "Disney Goes to War!" Air Classics 32, no. 5 (1996): 40–42, 45–51.
• Schellinger, Andretta F. "Aircraft Nose Art: American, French, and British Imagery and its influence from World War I through the Vietnam War", Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2015 ISBN 9780786497713.
• Schellinger, Andretta F. From Knights to Skulls: The Cultural Evolution of Nose Artwork. The Dalles, OR: Schellinger Inquiry Publishing, 2013. ISBN 978-1493606375.
• Tullis, Thomas A. Tigers over China : cover-up, markings, and squadron insignia of the American Volunteer Group's aircraft in China, 1941–42. Hamilton, MT: Eagle Editions, 2001.
• Valant, Gary 1000. Classic Vintage Olfactory organ Art. Ann Arbor, MI: Lowe and B. Hould (an imprint of Borders, Inc.), 1997. ISBN 0-681-22744-iii.
• Velasco, Gary. Fighting Colors: The Creation of Military Aircraft Olfactory organ Fine art. Turner Publishing, 2004.
• Walker, Randy. Painted Ladies. W Chester, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 1992.
• Walker, Randy. More painted ladies : modernistic military aircraft nose-art & unusual markings. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 1994.
• Ward, Richard. Sharkmouth, 1916–1945. New York: Arco, 1979.
• Wayland, Kent (2014). ""It's Non an Aeroplane, Information technology's My Baby": Using a Gender Metaphor to Make Sense of Old Warplanes in North America". In Lipset, David; Handler, Richard (eds.). Vehicles: Cars, Canoes, and Other Metaphors of Moral Imagination (First Paperback ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 69–87. Retrieved ii March 2020.
• Wesemann, Terri (2019). Metal Storytellers: Reflections of War Civilisation in Silverplate B-29 Olfactory organ Art from the 509th Composite Group (Thesis). Utah State Academy. Retrieved ii March 2020.

External links [edit]

• Don Allen's Art ^{[ dead link ]}
• USAAF Nose Fine art Research Project
• Nose art history and replica panels
• Nose art gallery
• Nose art of World War II airplanes.
• nose art at the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose_art

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